Ethical Dilemma Of Prison Privatization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4828 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? Ethical Dilemma of Prison Privatization Introduction Prison overcrowding has become one of the most burdensome problems for the United States. For the past two decades, the number of adult offenders who get locked up in jail has doubled. The United States is one of the countries with the highest number of prisoners in the world (Selman Leighton, 2010). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethical Dilemma Of Prison Privatization" essay for you Create order Due to the ever-increasing number of prisoners, the government has been contracting private firms to offer prison services for government at a fee. The private prisons are facilities owned by private firms who have gotten into a contract with the government to offer space which acts as prisons. However, the issue of private prisons has become controversial for the last few years. Arguments have been on the ethical, economic and efficiency of private prisons as compared with the public prisons. While the proponents of the private prisons argue that it helps save costs for the government while at the same time enhancing efficiency, the critics hold the view that such an act raises ethical issues. Despite the claim that private prisons help save costs, a few related studies have shown that there is no significant cost difference between the private and public prisons and that this act of locking offenders in private prisons creates unethical business practice while at the same time infr inging the rights of many prisoners. Statement of the Problem America prison population has rapidly increased over the last few decades, with reports indicating that the percentage increase in the prison population is even higher than the population growth. The total number of state and local prisoners in the United States rose from 501, 886 to 2,228,400 between 1980 to 2012, representing 344% increase compared to the 38% increase in the population (Duwe Clark, 2013). This number prompted the government to hire private firms to provide prison services at a fee which is paid per head and depending on how long a person remains inside the bar. The rationale for prisons for profits is that the more the number of people in jail, the higher the profits. Claims have been raised that most private prisons are small in size and in poor conditions because the profit motive makes it difficult for the owners to improve the conditions. This has raised ethical issues in the way prisoners are handled amid reports that there is increased violations of their ri ghts while under the bars. Many studies have previously focused on studying the ever-increasing number of prisoners due to the drug offense. Very little studies have been done on the ethical dilemma in private prisons hence a gap exists which this research seeks to fulfil. Review of Literature History of Private Prisons in the United States Private prisons and jails have a long history in the United States, dating back to 1852. According to King (2012), San Quentin was the first prison in the United States, long before, it was later owned by the state. The privatization of the prisons became widespread with main services but the overall management of prisons was still under state control. In the early 1980s, the Corrections Corporation of America came up with the idea of running prisons for a profit. Due to the intensive wars on the drug policies, public prisons got overwhelmed with prisoners calling for the need to find an alternative facility. To help reduce the burden on the state prisons, privately owned prisons were created in 1983 led by the CCA. Earlier in the 1800s, private prisons were unheard of, practically none existed by then in the United States (King, 2012). Later after the CCA led in the first private prison, many others followed. What typically led to call for private prisons was the overcrowding of the prisons that resulted during the declared war on drugs. Private businesses saw an opportunity for profits and stepped in to provide a solution. This marked the beginning of many private prisons that have since become rampant in the United States of America. Private Prisons and Incarceration One of the most criticized aspects of private prisons is the mass incarceration of the citizens. Since private prisons are run for profit motives, the more prisoners a company holds, the more the profit. The argument is that most owners of the private prisons will want to have more people arrested so that they get more profit. Reports indicate that over the last two decades, the rate of incarceration has doubled, with a percentage higher than even the population growth rate (Pollock, 2014). Despite the ever-growing rate of incarceration, the method has proven to be ineffective in changing the behavior of offenders who continue to engage in crime even after serving their jail terms. According to Pollock (2014), most people who become incarcerated, especially non-violent drug offenders tend to show no positive behavior change even after being incarcerated showing that jailing has become ineffective. The aim of any form of preventing law-breaking should be to change the behavior of the individuals so that they avoid crime after the jail term. However, most prisons have failed to achieve this. Private prisons have been blamed for the ineffectiveness of the jailing process. Instead of focusing on rehabilitating the offenders while they are in prison, the private prisons see no incentive to lead a positive behavior change (Clear, Reisig Cole, 2018). The argument is that if they rehabilitate offenders, the number of the people locked up in prison will be reduced thus reducing their profits. This has been considered as an unethical business process of aiming to make profits from people at the expense of their rights. The more people that are arrested, the higher the profits for the privately owned prisons. It basically means that private prison owners can always wish that more people commit a crime so that they are jailed. Criminality and punishment of the lawbreakers is a sole responsibility of the government.By selling the rights of citizens to private businesses who are profit-oriented seems to be a violation of the rights of individuals. While the government goal of incar ceration is to reduce the rate of crime and offenders in the country, privatization of prisons can cause a conflict of interest and compromise the overall objective of reducing crime (Clear, Reisig Cole, 2018). Conflict of interest arises when the private prison owners get driven by profit motives rather than solving the community issue of minimizing crimes. Knowing that rehabilitating prisoners will make them change behavior and avoid crime, there will be no incentive to do this for fear of loss of business. As a result, the rate of incarceration has continued to be high, with reported cases of repeated crime by offenders after being released from jail. Quality of Confinement Questions have been raised about the quality of the private prisons as compared with the public ones. In a study to make the quality comparison of the two, various findings have been made. The findings have shown that the facility capacity for the private prisons is very compacted. The rooms are small, containing so many people. Because the motive for constructing a private prison had been for profits, many business owners tend to minimize on space and maximize the capacity so that the profit can be increased (Goodstein MacKenzie, 2013). The debate has been on the issue of confining a large number of people in a small room just for profit reasons. They tend to focus less on the profit rather than the quality of the facility in which people are locked up. The issue of ethics emerges when the rights of people are being violated for the sake of profits. Prisoners also have their own rights as any other citizens. They deserve better treatment even while they are behind the bars. When th e value of profit tends to outdo human value then the morals of the society are at stake. According to Cole, Smith, and DeJong (2018), most private prisons tend to have more than the recommended occupancy for a facility. The owners of the private jails do this to maximize profit, because the larger the number of inmates the higher the profits. With little focus on renovation of the facilities, many private jails are in worse conditions. Further studies have also shown that nurturing behavior change in a congested prison is difficult (Cole, Smith, DeJong, 2018). When the prison capacity is more than the required number, certain behaviors tend to emerge, which instead hinder positive behavior development. While this might not seem good for the society in general who seek to have their members develop positive behavior change, the private prison owners see it as a business opportunity to boost their profits. People leaving jail without having undergone positive behavior change are more likely to engage in repeat crime which takes them back to jail. It is unethical to do bus iness with the lives of people who can otherwise be changed for a better future. Despite the results of some findings indicating that private prisons can help save costs for the government, other studies have found controversy in this. According to the research by the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, there is no significant difference in costs between the private and public prisons (Cole, Smith, DeJong, 2018). Profits for People The prison industrial complex has a set of bureaucratic, political and economic interests which enhance the spending on jails regardless of the needs has led to a faster development of prison facilities in the United States (Mason, 2013). The huge amount of $35 billion spent annually on correctional facilities is not seen as a burden to the taxpayer but rather as a profitable enterprise. Currently, over 100,000 individuals are held in the private jails (Mason, 2013). The ever-expanding rate of private prisons is a clear demonstration of the troublesome consequences that impact the society as a whole. While the current controversy surrounds the area of harsher sentencing that has led to increased incarceration, but scholars fail to discuss the incentive behind this. The motives for which the private prisons are set is for profit maximization (Mason, 2013). This could be at least a motive behind the strict sentencing laws majorly for the minor offenses so that many people can be convic ted. The political officials and private prisons corporations have set their interests by keeping the rate of incarceration as high as possible through harsher sentencing just to make money and more profit. Since the state gets into a contract with private prisons on the basis of cost efficiency, the state goes ahead to invest in the private prisons to save money. A mutual agreement to invest in private prisons plays a major role in determining the rationale behind the decision making. The dilemma is that private prisons owners demand the inflation of the prisons by increasing the rates of incarceration so that they can remain striving in business. In their annual report, Correctional Corporation of America which is one of the leading private correctional corporations indicated that their growth is highly dependent on many variables, including the sentencing routines and jurisdiction (Doty Wheatley, 2013). Any changes made to the law concerning drugs and illegal immigration could impact the number of arrests and conviction which could, in turn, affect their profitability. These reports show that the motive behind the private prisons corporations getting into the contract is for profit maximization. The view that growth of prisoners facilitates the growth in revenue then it is logical that these corporations will focus on achieving an economic ally enough number of arrests as well as rearrests if they are to maximize their profits (Doty Wheatley, 2013). The major function of the prison facilities should be to rehabilitate the inmates with the aim of making them better and returning them to the community as good people who will not return to the prisons in future (Crewe, Liebling Hulley, 2011). However, little attention is being paid to the need for rehabilitation as most funds get channeled into prison facilities. Private prisons require a fixed sum of money for every inmate in a day. This fee per day for each inmate is known as per diem. Undoubtedly, the revenue and profit get maximized when the prisons are at their full capacity. The IPO, which is an American private security company also noted that a decrease in the prison capacity could decrease the revenue as well as profitability (Crewe, Liebling Hulley, 2011). With this profitability motive, prisoners are viewed as customers whose presence is required for the business to continue being in operation. As in the ordinary business model, the more the customers, the higher the r evenue. This same logic applies to private prisons. The average actual occupancy for most of the private prisons is 80%. However, the occupancy rates in some areas have gone up to 100% full (Crewe, Liebling Hulley, 2011). In most cases, private prisons strive to have the facilities get near to full capacity because this would mean more profits. The increase in the occupancy rates would mean reduced operating cost per inmate when applying economies of scale. Therefore, other than just adding more revenue to the private prisons, more inmates also help lower the cost per head. Gaps in the Literature Due to the increase in more funds directed to prison services, fewer resources have been channeled to the rehabilitation programs. While studies have shown that incarceration is ineffective in achieving positive behavior change among individuals, no detailed research has been done on the impact of reduced resources on the rehabilitation programs. The studies that examine the effects of decreased investment in rehabilitation especially in the private facilities are limited and the results are always contradictory. More studies need to be done in this area. Proposal Problem Over the last few years, the rate of incarceration in the United States has been on the rise. This has been attributed to the strict laws especially on drugs as well as harsh sentencing. Reports indicate that the rate of incarceration in the United States has grown at a rate of 344%, a rate that is even higher than the population growth rate (Fulcher, 2011). While the focus has been to impose tough measures against lawbreakers, very little attention has been paid to finding lasting attention to the issue. More people continue to get imprisoned in the private prisons through which they get out without being rehabilitated and rearrests occur for repeat crime. Private prisons main motives are to maximize profits with little incentives to rehabilitate the inmates because the more the number of people in jail, the higher the profits. They also advocate for strict laws on minor offenses and harsh sentencing leading to more incarcerations because that is how they earn profits (Sigler, 2010) . The main dilemma is that instead of focusing on correcting the lawbreakers to develop a positive behavior change, they are used as customers to make more profits, with the aim of having more arrests. Instead of subjecting the offenders to private prisons which only use them for profit-making objectives, policies should be developed to help these people to have positive behavior changes before being taken back to the community as a changed person. Policy Proposal The major way in which the problem of the private prisons using inmates for profit motives can be solved by a combination of two major ways. First, justice is not for sale to people who make billions of dollars using private prisons. A law should be passed that bans the use and existence of the private prisons. This law should be implemented together with the rehabilitation programs where the excess resources used to pay private prison owners can be used to finance rehabilitation programs for criminals with minor offenses such as the use of the drugs. Legislation to Outlaw Private Prisons A comprehensive bill should be introduced that aims at banning the use of for-profit prisons, jails as well as detention centers for the immigrants. The use of private prisons has proven to be ineffective both in helping develop positive behavior change among the inmates as well as in terms of costs. People who spend time behind bars say how difficult it is to properly convey what it means to have someone else in full control of your movements. When this control is combined with profits, it can be very devastating. The absurdity of the private prisons whose roles should be to rehabilitate have now turned into economic motivations without considering their social missions. Ending private prisons would require a significant reduction in the mass incarceration that has been witnessed in the United States over the last few decades. Lawmakers should push for the end to private prisons who use justice for their economic benefits. A report by the Bureau of Justice and Statistics in the year 2013, there were a total of 31,900 federal prisoners and 92,000 state prisoners who were under the control of the private prisons (Friedman Parent, 2013). Based on these large numbers, passing a law that will ban the use of private prisons will mean a significant reduction of 124,000 prison beds. Elimination of the for-profits prisons and banning any option for privatization of the prisons should motivate the lawmakers to make their priorities right to help reduce the mass incarceration while at the same time minimizing the demand for the new beds. The Justice is not for Sale Act should include the complete elimination of the private sectors into any justice and correcti onal system so that such responsibility becomes entirely under the government. Also, the ban on the private prisons should have an effect on the racist implications in which people are locked up for profit basis. The blacks have disproportionately been incarcerated in all the justice system levels as well as the detention of the immigrants. In their push to end private prisons and reduce mass incarceration, the lawmakers need to take into account the racial disparity that exists in the criminal justice system. In order to secure its business, private prison industry have even taken an active role in influencing the lawmakers to make legislation that will protect their interests. An example is the industrys influence by participating in the drafting of Arizonas SB 1070 which legalized racial profiling. The legislators should stand with the people and help address this social problem. They must make legislation that is aimed at benefiting the public rather than just a few individuals. The lawmakers should pass a law that will completely eliminate private prisons because the system has proved ineffective and unethical. Rehabilitation Program Since the motives of the private prisons are to make profits, there is always fewer incentives to rehabilitate the inmates. Studies have shown that private prisons are ineffective in developing a positive behavior among the inmates. Most people get rearrested after they are released from the prisons, meaning that private prisons play no role in modeling the behavior. Because their profit depend on the number of prisoners/occupancy, the more rearrests they do the more the profit. The government spends billions of dollars annually in the private prisons leaving no resources to finance rehabilitation programs. After passing the legislation to ban the use of private prisons, a lot of the funds currently paid to these for-profits prisons can be invested in the rehabilitation centers where people with minor offenses such as drug abuse can be taken. Most of the people being locked up in the private prisons in general are criminals of minor offenses such as non-violent drug users as stated a bove who only require rehabilitation instead of incarceration. Rehabilitation has been useful and more effective in developing positive behavior change than incarceration. When more resources are diverted away from the for-profit prisons and channeled towards rehabilitation programs, more people will reform and get back to the community as a changed person. The aim of any criminal justice system and correctional facilities should be to enhance positive behavior change among the inmates and return them to the community as a reformed person. The use of rehabilitation centers as compared to the private prisons can be useful as it provides guidance and counselling to the victims while at the same time try to get the root cause of the problem. Guidance and counseling can help the victims to reform and get back to their lives as a better and more productive member of society. Implementation Plans The first step that the legislatures can do is to eliminate private prison lobbying and campaign contributions. This will reduce their influence on the political class who then make legislation in their favor. Carrying a mass campaign to inform people of the need for legislation to outlaw private prisons can be a useful starting point for implementation. Let everyone understand why this system is not right for the justice system of the country and lobby other lawmakers to support the idea. Mass campaign and lobbying will help attract more support for the bill thus making it easy to pass it into a law. Implementation Steps The first step to implementation of the legislation is to identify the need for the new law. All the stakeholders must be made aware of the need for the law. There should be proper recommendations and explanations on why the current law is ineffective and why a change of that particular law is necessary. The lawmakers must convince other members and stakeholders that there is a problem with the current law on private prisons and then initiate the need to outlaw it. The next step should be to obtain the support of all the stakeholders. Once the law has been drafted, it is important to communicate with those who are expected to carry out the policy. Meetings and conferences should be held to discuss the new legislation with all the stakeholders so that their support is obtained. Without the support of the majority of the stakeholders, it will be difficult to have an efficient implementation of the policy or the new law. In these meetings, there will be discussions on the need for the n ew legislation, the impacts it will have on the various stakeholders as well as allowing the stakeholders to address their concerns. After obtaining the support of all the stakeholders, it is appropriate to communicate with all people involved. This can include the law enforcement agencies, various ministries as well as the involvement of the judicial sector officials. During the implementation process, the implementing team must at every stage revise and update the policy. Continuous review is essential in ensuring that the implementation process is moving towards the right direction. The rehabilitation program, on the other hand, requires a policy development and implementation which will ensure that the program works effectively. A clear policy statement should be made regarding the allocation of a certain amount of funds towards the construction of the rehabilitation facilities as well as the hiring of the staff. First, it is important to communicate the need for rehabilitation centers to various stakeholders so that they provide the necessary support. This needs to be followed by a thorough campaign to create awareness for the need to implement the program. Without support from the stakeholders, an implementation might not be effective. The lawmakers should lead in lobbying the government to provide resources for the construction of the rehabilitation centers. The victims of non-violent drug offenders and other offenders of minor crimes should all be taken to rehabilitation centers where they undergo therapy treatment to develop positive behavior change. There should be a coordination between the law enforcement agencies and the rehabilitation centers so that all people arrested for minor crimes are all taken to the rehabilitation centers for counseling and therapy. Evaluation of the Policy It is appropriate to carry out an evaluation of the policy and the rehabilitation program to assess whether there are any positive results. After the ban on the private prisons and the implementation of the rehabilitation programs, there should be an evaluation of the whole process to identify areas which require adjustment. Normally, evaluation becomes the last step in the implementation of a new legislation, policy or a program. While doing an evaluation, various areas are covered which can include assessing whether the problem was correctly identified, if there were any important aspects that were overlooked, whether the policy has any positive impacts and if there are any needs for modification of part or the whole process. The evaluation, in this case, can involve determining the change in the number of incarceration over some period of time. The banning of the private prisons is expected to reduce the number of incarcerated in the country. If, after a period of time there is no significant change in the number of prisoners incarcerated, a modification of the policy needs to be done and identify areas where there was an error. A failure in the intended effect is usually due to either theory or program. A theory failure occurs when the policy was appropriately implemented but failed to meet the intended impact. This can occur for example when the banning of the private prisons fail to yield any positive impact on the number of incarcerated. A failure in the program can occur when the implementation of the rehabilitation was not done as planned thus resulting in no positive impacts. There are two methods that can be used to conduct an evaluation. The first method is the formative evaluation. If there were adequate monitoring processes in place, it should be relatively easy to detect if the policy, program or new legislation has been appropriately implemented. This method of evaluation analyzes and documents how the policy or program was implemented while at the same time having the objective of making further improvements and modifications. The second method of evaluation is the summative evaluation which involves full analysis after the program or the policy is fully implemented. While evaluating the policy, legislation or programs on the issue of private prisons, certain steps need to be followed. The first step to start with is to define the stakeholders who are involved in the implementation of the program. These are the people who will be able to identify areas which require improvement. The next step is to have the goal of the program or policy in mind. The goal is then compared with the outcome to identify if there is any positive outcome. This can be done by examining any change in the incarceration rates and reduction in the rearrests after one leaves rehabilitation center. A third step is to focus on the design of evaluation. The design can either be in the form of activities or the output. If the output which is a reduction in the number of incarcerations and repeat arrests is positive then the policy was effective. However, any negative output from what was expected means the process needs modification. Conclusion Many kinds of literature have shown privatization of prisons is unethical and ineffective in helping develop a positive behavior change in the community. Justice is not for sale and it is unethical and of no moral values to use the prisoners as customers who their large numbers lead to higher profitability. These for-profit prisons tend to enhance mass incarceration that has been currently witnessed in the United States. A facility which should focus on rehabilitating and reforming the inmates gets driven by profit motives at the expense of the rights of people. Lawmakers should pass a legislation aimed at banning any use of private prisons in the United States. This legislation when combined with a rehabilitation program can yield positive results amongst offenders. We need to help lawbreakers change their behaviors and return to the community a good people rather than using them as profit-making objects at the expense of their rights. References Clear, T. R., Reisig, M. D., Cole, G. F.(2018). American corrections. Cengage Learning. Cole, G. F., Smith, C. E., DeJong, C.(2018). The American system of criminal justice. Cengage Learning. Crewe, B., Liebling, A., Hulley, S.(2011). Staff culture, use of authority and prisoner quality of life in public and private sector prisons. Australian New Zealand Journal ofCriminology, 44(1), 94-115. Doty, R. L., Wheatley, E. S. (2013).Private detention and the immigration industrial complex. International Political Sociology, 7(4), 426-443. Duwe, G., Clark, V. (2013). The effects of private prison confinement on offender recidivism: Evidence from Minnesota. Criminal justice review, 38(3), 375-394. Friedman, A., Parenti, C. (2013). Capitalist punishment: Prison privatization and human rights. SCB Distributors. Fulcher, P. A. (2011). Hustle and flow: Prison privatization fueling the prison industrial complex. Washburn LJ, 51, 589. Goodstein, L., MacKenzie, D. L. (Eds.).(2013). The American prison: Issues in research and policy (Vol. 4). Springer Science Business Media. King, M. T. (2012). A history of private prisons. Prison Privatization: The Many Facets of a Controversial Industry [3 volumes]: The Many Facets of a Controversial Industry, 1, 11. Mason, C. (2013). International growth trends in prison privatization. Sentencing Project. Pollock, J. M. (2014). Ethical dilemmas and decisions in criminal justice. Nelson Education. Selman, D., Leighton, P. (2010). Punishment for sale: Private prisons, big business, and the incarceration binge.Rowman Littlefield. Sigler, M. (2010). Private prisons, public functions, and the meaning of punishment. Fla. St. UL Rev., 38,149.

The 2004 Movie Drama ‘ Crash ‘ Is Directed By Paul Haggis,

The 2004 movie drama ‘ Crash ‘ is directed by Paul Haggis, and it has a tremendous impact on human diversity. The movie addresses the problems that occur in today’s society such as: prejudice, racism, discrimination, racial profiling and stereotyping. The film explores the issues of social perceptions and how it can play a role in how one will perceive others. Usually when this happens there is no way of changing their minds about the individual(s). This type of behavior is common in society when people prejudge others. In the movie, it will focus on how people make assumptions about individuals without actually knowing them. The characters in the movie clearly made it a point of making all types of assumptions about the individuals they†¦show more content†¦The film starts off with a car accident which goes back to yesterday. An Iranian male tries to purchase bullets from the gun owner when the gun owner begins to make racist comments towards the man w hich upsets him and things begin to escalate. Two young male’s leaves a restaurant because they feel as though they were not treated fairly due to their race. As they leave the restaurant they try to analyze the situation, when a white couple walks in their direction. The woman feels threatened by the males and clinches her purse. The male notice the woman’s reaction and they carjacks the couple’s vehicle. In the mist of things they did not realize that they had hit a Korean man. The couple has their home locks changed and the locksmith happens to be a Hispanic male that has a shaved head and tattoos. Judging by his appearance the woman makes comments like â€Å"he is a gangbanger† and wants to have the locks changed again because she does not trust him. 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Training and Development of Comfort DelGro Corporation Limited.

Question: Discuss about the Training and Development of Comfort DelGro Corporation Limited. Answer: Introduction Comfort is a taxi company that is owned by Comfort Delgro Corporation Limited. The company is renowned owing to its global workforce and shareholders who have invested in the company. The Delgro group came into existence in the year 2003 after the merging of Comfort Group along with that of Delgro Corporation. The companies have managed to successfully merge that has helped in expanding the global outlook and have helped in increasing the fleet size (Gerpott May 2016). It is headquartered in Singapore and the name of the company has been listed in the Singapore stock exchange. Comfort Transport Limited acts as the subsidiary of Comfort DelGro and it has separate chain of CEO along with that of directors. Rationale and Purpose for Training Rise in relation to the demand for app cab system has adversely affected the public cab based hiring system. UBER and GRAB have made use of the opportunity and introduced pick and drop facilities for the public. The private cab detours have developed a bad policy and they ferry passengers on the basis of their own whim. The drivers frequently refuse to go beyond certain limits and choose routes on the basis of their own whim. The customers as a result have veered towards alternatives like that of UBER and GRAB that can be booked online very conveniently (Liu, 2015). The drivers of these companies should be trained so that they are able to use the latest technologies. Drivers of Comfort need specialized training so that they are equipped to take the advantage of the latest technologies. Training is thus of extreme importance so that they can sustain in the current market. The company should analyze on the proper methods of training so that they can develop their skills in relation to the latest technology. The training methods is inclusive of the training in relation to that of the superiors within the organization. The managers should undergo thorough training so that they develop better power of observation and can effectively analyze the performance of employees. They can provide training in different areas that will be beneficial for the drivers (Rieger Majchrzak, 2016). Survey of business environment Taxi business in Singapore is developing at a steady pace. Some foreign companies have entered the market of Singapore within the last few years. A survey was carried out that can help in determining the business environment in 2015 and 2016. A sample was selected that comprised of 150 participants among whom 75 were service users and the remaining were that of taxi operators and people who were in themanagement of the company. An in-depth interview helped in illuminating facts and it was conducted over a period of 5 months. Age of the participants was between that of 18 and 80. The survey clearly highlighted there has been an increase in the number of people availing the taxi service (Rahman Anand, 2014). Comfort Del Gro boasts of a high percentage of taxi brand in relation to the total number of taxis that are operating within Singapore. Survey revealed that the consumers are becoming dissatisfied with that of the local car operator as they prefer new mode of commuting services. Figure: Percentage of the Taxi Brands Source: (Jenkins, Baker Harvey, 2016). Figure: Business Concern of the taxi Source: (Hamid et al., 2016). Training Needs Analysis The Human Resource Department has the responsibility of assessing the training methods in the organization and that new training methods are adopted that can help the drivers. The drivers should be prepared with the modern technologies like that of online booking so that they can stay ahead of their competitors (Jenkins, Baker Harvey, 2016). Use and implementation in relation to the modern technologies will have a positive impact on the overall industry. Better services would in turn lead to customer satisfaction who will want to avail the services of the new cab facility. Alignment of Training and Achievement of Goals The primary aim of Taxi company is to provide service of best quality within Singapore and thus help in maximising the profit of the consumers (Xu et al., 2016). Management of Comfort DelGro aims at innovating the products and bring in new services for the convenience of the consumers. The varied goals help in achieving the goals of the company. Appropriate Training and Assessment Method Functional area has revealed that the drivers should be trained regarding the latest technology so that it can provide the consumers with satisfaction. The main responsibility ofmanagement in relation to the cab transport company is to ensure that the tasks are allotted on the basis of the expertise of the people and that a person skilled in a particular arena should be provided with work on the basis of his knowledge and expertise. The three areas that the company has concentrated on relates to that of safe driving, innovative technology along with that of customer service (Hamid et al., 2016). Training session will attach more importance in the arena of imparting practical knowledge that is indispensable for the modern world. Operational excellence along with safe driving are the primary areas that will be the focus of training. Drivers will be provided with knowledge in relation to new technologies like that of online booking and portal updates. They will also be illuminated with knowledge in relevance to ethical behaviour (Shen et al., 2015). Validity of Assessment Method The managers of the organisation should assess the performance of the drivers on a day to day basis in order to analyze whether the skills that were imparted to them during the stage of training are being implemented in the proper direction. The basis of the assessment will be the feedback from the customers. The findings from different reports help in understanding the training needs of drivers (Bashir, Yousaf Verma, 2016). Resources Required The key requirements in relation to the training method is in relation to the human resources in the organization. Human resource that is effective will be able to deliver proper training methods within a given time so that the employees can deal with advancements in technology along with other issues related to driving (Dobson, 2015). Latest technology platform in relation to vehicle booking is one of the primary resource within the training module that can help the organization in training the drivers. Training vehicles along with training grounds is also important where practical knowledge can be imparted to the drivers. Conclusion: Drivers of Comfort should be provided with specialized training so that they can handle the latest technologies. Training is of exceeding importance in the modern era where learning practical skills is more important as compared to that of the theoretical knowledge. The managers should go through rigorous training so that they can correctly gauge the performance of the employees and take effective steps along the right lines.Management of Comfort DelGro should aim at innovating the products so that it can lead to customer satisfaction. Better services would in turn lead to consumer satisfaction who will like to avail the facility of the cab. Safe driving, innovative technology and customer service are the areas that are focussed in relation to the training and development of the Comfort Delgro. References: Bashir, M., Yousaf, A., Verma, R. (2016). Disruptive business model innovation: How a tech firm is changing the traditional taxi service industry.Indian Journal of Marketing,46(4), 49-59. Dobson, K. (2015). Human Factors and Ergonomics in transportation control systems.Procedia Manufacturing,3, 2913-2920. Gerpott, T. J., May, S. (2016). Integration of Internet of Things components into a firms offering portfolioA business development framework.info,18(2), 53-63. Hamid, M., Samuel, S., Borowsky, A., Horrey, W. J., Fisher, D. L. (2016). Evaluation of Training Interventions to Mitigate Effects of Fatigue and Sleepiness on Driving Performance.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2584), 30-38. Jenkins, D. P., Baker, L. M., Harvey, C. (2016). A practical approach to evaluating train cabs against task requirements.Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit,230(3), 662-671. Liu, Z. Y. (2015). An Analysis of Technology Acceptance Model-Exploring user acceptance and intension of taxi-hailing app in Shanghai. Rahman, T., Anand, N. (2014). Organized sector taxi operators in India-Opportunities and Challenges.International Journal of Research in Management and Social Sciences,23. Rieger, C., Majchrzak, T. A. (2016, September). Weighted Evaluation Framework for Cross-Platform App Development Approaches. InEuroSymposium on Systems Analysis and Design(pp. 18-39). Springer International Publishing. Shen, J., Qiu, F., Li, W., Feng, P. (2015). Exploring the Effect of the Telephone/Online Booking System on Taxi Service: Case Study of Suzhou City in China. InCICTP 2015(pp. 1201-1212). Xu, T., Zhu, H., Zhao, X., Liu, Q., Zhong, H., Chen, E., Xiong, H. (2016, August). Taxi driving behavior analysis in latent vehicle-to-vehicle networks: A social influence perspective. InProceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining(pp. 1285-1294). ACM.

Role of The Mental Health Nurse Towards Physical Health

Question: Describe about Role of The Mental Health Nurse Towards Physical Health? Answer: Introduction Nursing is a great career option. This profession allows toprovide services for helping people to improve their health outcomes as well as includes services for saving peoples life. The nursing career is a satisfying, acceptable and rewarding in respect to the pleasure it brings with success (Koenig et al. 2012). Therefore, nurses should be grateful or should be proud of their role and job profile. According to their career option, nurses should draw their career path by observing and working in the diverse situation. Nursing profession can be an exciting career for success in men and women; this field offers a lot. Health care careers are booming and new technological innovations are brightening up in the health care field enhancing the career. The job has various degrees of opportunities and job security has enhanced. Through this profession with great skills nurses can make a difference in someones life, thus this profession teaches people to value life (Swanson 2012). Nursing profession provides the opportunity to learn in a continuous manner. Nursing profession makes the person more competent to work in different departments with the same efficiency; it helps to build critical thinking skills and handling the emergency with problem solving skills. People who like to work in the challenging situation, the nursing profession is a great option for them. Selecting mental health nursing as a specialty is a great option as well (Purnell, 2012). Mental health nursing deals with the care activities of the patients dealing with mental illness. It is more challenging from other departments of nursing, as each patient has different psychology, therefore, for each patient, nurses and therapists need to implement different care plans, thereby enhancing the critical thinking skills (Swanson 2012). There is a number of training programs provided during the course, for enhancing the mental health nursing skills. Helping people to restore their mental health is m ore or equally valuable and satisfying as in the case of caring patients with physical illness. Clinical examples and shaping the personal philosophy of practice Nursing can be defined as the promotion, protection, abilities and prevention of injury and illness. It includes alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response and advocacy in individual, community, population or groups care. Therefore, considering and addressing nurses own personal philosophy is important for being an efficient nurse (Happell et al., 2012). There are different aspects which shaped the personal nursing philosophy of a mental health nurse. Nursing is a career where nurses with critical thinking skills select the strategy for helping and providing efficient and appropriate care services to the patients as well as share their values and perceptions with other members of the care services. For a mental health nurse, knowledge is the first aspect shaping the nursing philosophy. Knowledge is the key aspect of the career. As a nurse, the nurse should achieve the knowledge of mental health care services and different disorders during the course study. Until a nurse is not becoming able to apply the classroom knowledge to the practical field or in work flied, the knowledge is of no use (Blythe and White 2012). Therefore, it has been revealed that application of knowledge can shape the efficiency and potentiality of the clinical practice of a mental health nurse. In the context of knowledge, the holistic nursing should be applied in each aspect of nursing with continuous anticipation of the health requirements of nursing. According to Florence Nightingale, nursing is an art and nurses should build their mind to see the beauty of art become an efficient nurse (Im and Ju Chang 2012). In this view, nurses should strive to uphold the visualization of Nightingale regarding the pr ofession and should appreciate the art of human beauty and in the case of mental health nurse; they should appreciate the beauty of human mind and its link with physical well-being. The next aspect is caring and compassion, a nurse is always likely to be enough caring and empathetic to the patients. Especially in the case of mental health nursing, one of the key aspects is to establish a positive relation with the patient for understanding the health status and personal health needs of the patient. In the field of mental health, showing empathy to the patient is the chief criteria for providing relief and analyzing the chances of patients mental health recovery. Patients in mental health care, mostly has been suffering from trauma or painful life events, so handling them with emotional care is important. Once, a positive rapport and trust are built; patients become more available to share their inner feelings (Munhall 2012). The nurses should consider the ethical considerations and basic human rights while working with patients with mental health issues. In this context, honesty and respect toward patients are two more aspects shaping the mental-health nursing career. The mental health nurses do their best to provide a healthy, safe and well-balanced environment by providing rights to the patient. Collaborative practice in the health care practice will promote the health benefits of the patients. Paying very close attention to the patients condition and the health care environment would be effective in promoting health benefits of the patients (Stuart 2014). Additionally, the nurse should be efficient enough to analyze the need for change in the health care setting as well as particular health care plan for a patient. Implementing change based on the current requirements of service users is a key nursing competency. Another major aspect is the advocacy of patients. It will be kept in mind that, confidentiality, legal protection of patients and ethical practices are the key aspects of success in the health care sector. During the care plan, the patients needs should be prioritized with the consideration of their choices regarding the health care intervention. Prioritizing patients view helps to enhance the health care outcomes. It should be analyzed based on the Maslow's hierarchy of needs model (Fawcett and Desanto-Madeya 2012). Next part is honor and respect toward patients and their family. Following the viewpoint of Florence Nightingale, the nurse would appreciate the cultural norms and beliefs of patients from diverge culture and would show equal dignity and respect through the provision of health care services. In addition, another aspect that can shape the philosophy of a mental health nurse can be the continuous knowledge building and keeping a relation with society and social care for achieving new and innovative knowledge for providing in health care services to the patients (Butts and Rich 2012). Therefore, these aspects shape the philosophy of nursing in a mental health nurse. This would help to achieve nursing competencies and to an efficient mental health nurse. Finally, self-esteem and self-confidence are very important to handle critical cases in the appropriate way that is key success factor of nursing (Morgan and Yoder 2012). Linking personal philosophy to relevant literature The personal philosophy of nurses is built on the basis of the existing nursing literature and relevant theories related to nursing practices. According to Dossey et al. ( 2012), there is a direct correlation between the personal philosophy of nursing and nursing theories. In general, nurses use certain nursing theories or models by which they are influenced and include these into their practice field, thereby including those theories in their personal philosophy related to nursing. In this context, mental health nurses focus on the theories that are built on the basis of relationship building within patients and nurses. For this reason, nursing philosophies and theories and the terms related to these two aspects are interchangeable in both theoretical and practical field of nursing. As the nursing theories help to build their personal philosophy, the personal philosophy of nurses promote them to identify the type of theories and models used by them. Both the nursing theories and phi losophy provides the nurse an approach of their daily practice and helps in deciding particular care plan for the individual patient (Townsend 2014). There are a number of theories provided by different theorists, who have considered different aspects of nursing practice. In this context, the nursing theories related to the core aspects of mental health nursing would be linked with the personal philosophy of practice. The first nursing theorist was Florence Nightingale and she identified five component of the environment and indicated the linkage between environment, person, health and nursing. According to her, nursing the ability to see and feel the art and beauty of human body. While developing own nursing philosophy, this fact has been considered at first for being able to see the art of human mind and be able to link it with the physical well-being of patient (McCrae 2012). Hildegard Peplau established the Interpersonal theory of nursing. Here the theorists defined the nurse/patient relation establishment through four stages, including orientation, identification exploitation and resolution. Here the nursing profession has been viewed as the maturing force or a personality that grows with the educational, therapeutic and interpersonal process. After assessing the needs of the patient, nurses enter into a personal relationship with the patient. This is a popular theory in mental health nursing (Ignatavicius and Workman 2015). In the personal philosophy, it has been depicted that, one of the aspect that has been shaped the nursing philosophy is the relationship establishment with the patients, as it helps to enhance trust of the patients and a supportive environment promote the patient to share their inner feelings. Therefore, it helps the nurse to identify the reason of his mental illness (Wu and Volker 2012). On the other hand, Madeleine Leininger provided the view of Transcultural Nursing in 1978. Here the theorist depicted that; the nurses should have the goal to provide care to the patients by valuing their cultural beliefs, perceptions, values and practices. According to the theorist, the health care professional should plan the care services after addressing the interpersonal values, health beliefs and life styles of different cultures, thereby providing specific care to the individual patient with specific cultural needs. In the personal philosophy of nursing, it was a key aspect that, nurses should provide specific care to individual patients through the provision of equal care practices and holistic care (Im and Ju Chang 2012). Through the provision of holistic care, nurses would be able to provide advance care with the cultural beliefs of the particular patient. Considering the cultural context of patients, the nurses will be able to create a great environment in the health care settings, thereby enhancing their health benefits. Virginia Henderson has proposed the Need theory; this theory is based on education and practice that are two crucial factors shaping the efficiency and personal philosophy of nursing. She was known as the Nightingale of Modern Nursing. The theorist highlighted that enhancement of client's independence was important for promoting the continuous healing progress after hospitalization. According to this theory, a nurse should assist the patient to perform those activities suitable for their recovery. Here the major contributing factor is the ability of the nurse to sense particular health needs of the patient (Cleary et al. 2012). The nurses own personal philosophy has been influenced by this theory. In personal philosophy, it has been highlighted that, in mental health nursing, the establishment of positive rapport and trust of the patient toward the nurse is a key step of care for mental health nurse and this the nurses would have to assess the specific needs of the patient. Critical consideration of own philosophy While working in the mental health nursing, a number of mental health patients have been handled and for handling each patient, consideration of own personal nursing philosophy is important, as according to the personal philosophy, a nurse shapes the care plan for a patient. In this context, this essay will emphasize on critical consideration of own philosophy while working with two patients. The first patient to be discussed, Mr. S, was having obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The patient has the symptoms of repeating his feelings over and over, including reoccurring obsessions and compulsions in a chronic and long-lasting mental disorder. The patient was feeling repeated obsessions of fear of germs or contamination causing anxiety. As he has repetitive mental images of germs, he was over conscious about the cleaning, hygiene and hand washing. While working with this patient, the proper utilization of the personal nursing philosophy has been done (Grossman 2012). Mr. S was suffering from severe OCD and needed critical care service for restoring his mental health (Sharp 2013). The patient was a 40 years old male. At first, the medical history of Mr. S was collected for understanding the mental health status and particular needs of the patient. The history revealed that after losing his job Mr. S undergone depression and after some days diagnosed with bipolar disorder, in disease progression he was diagnosed with OCD. After attending the patient, nurse gathered knowledge from the nurse educator and psychotherapists about the disorder (Mealer et al. 2012). These kinds of patients become frequently anxious and thus establishment of a positive rapport was the first step of nursing care. The nurse attempted to create a positive relationship by listening to him with more consciousness and patience. The nurse always visited the patient with a clean image and always attempted to support his hygiene related behavior. While building relation, the nurse showed honor and respect for the patient. While building the care plan, all the aspects and needs of the patient were considered as the components of holistic care. While supporting the patients right, behavioral therapy was planned for him (Stein et al. 2011). Initially, the frequency, duration and intensity of compulsion and obsessions were recorded and targeted therapy was directed. He was advised for picturing himself touching different objects might having germs and making him understand about the resistance of his urge for washing his hands repeatedly. This therapy slowing helped in restoring his resistance to the compulsion and exposed him to the feared stimulus, thereby supporting and assisting Mr. S to build avoidance behavior, thereby reducing the physiologic fear response occurring with the exposure toward stimulus (Mealer et al. 2012). Along with the behavioral therapy, he was recommended serotonin reuptake inhibitors and antidepressants for enhanced control of anxiety. During the therapy, the nurse continuously encouraged the patient in collaborative practices while acknowledging patients anxiety and compulsions and supporting him to enhance the efficiency of completing work through the involvement of his family members in ther apy. The next patient was Mrs. X; she was a 52 years old women suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. This disorder was associated with depression and anxiety after the death of his 22-years old son and husband in a car accident and she was present at the time of the accident but survived. In this condition, she was brought to the hospital (Mealer et al. 2012). After considering her situation, the nurse gathered information about his experiences from her family members. After assessing the information, it was revealed that emptiness, loss of hope and loneliness made her unsocial and pushed her to undergo depression and she started to become the insomniac, hyper-vigilance and re-experienced the trauma via nightmares and flashbacks. It was analyzed that, she need critical support and should be socialized to restore her mental health status. She needed someone to talk with. Therefore, psychotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy was best-suited therapy for her (Katon et al. 2011). In this case, the nurse showed empathy and respect for the patient for building a positive relation with the patient. While building relation with the patient, the nurse attempted to support her emotionally and initially started to talk with her with enhanced frequency, while talking, the nurse asked about the small details of the trauma and encouraged to write about her nightmares and dreams. After undergoing the IRH therapy, nurse discussed the cognitive therapy with Mrs. X and collected her consent for planning counseling sessions with the psychotherapist, thereby prioritizing human rights of the patient (Davidson and Frances 2012). It influenced her to change her negative behavior. This led to a change implementation in the care practice by the nurse. The nurse arranged collaborative practices in the care settings; she attempted to make Mrs. X social by involving her with other patients in the care settings. It helped the patient to become socialize and to understand how to evalu ate the change in her negative thoughts. The nurse also helped her to restore her mental health through the relaxation techniques (Suhonen et al. 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that nursing is a profession that promotes the health and welfare of patients. Mental health nursing is the good choice of specialty nursing for the learners who likes the challenging jobs. In this context, it has been revealed that mental health nursing can provide a good opportunity to achieve best carrier option with the benefits of self-esteem and satisfaction. However, the job can be challenging and excellent critical thinking and problem solving skills are needed by the nurses preferring the mental health sector. This essay provided the personal philosophy and critical consideration of a nurse's own philosophy in the relevant context. The nursing philosophy can be characterized as, how one can define nursing, how people can demonstrate the characteristics essential for enhancing nursing capabilities. The own philosophy of nursing develops based on the relevant nursing theories and beliefs existing in the existing health care settings. The essay hig hlighted the aspects were shaping the nursing philosophies with clinical examples. In the next part, the personal philosophy of nursing has been linked with relevant literature by discussing nursing theories and concepts regarding the provision of appropriate care services to the mental health patients. After analyzing the own philosophy of nursing and linking it with the existing literature, the critical consideration of own nursing philosophy has been considered. After being aware of the nursing philosophy and related literature, nurses build their own philosophies and set their own personal and professional goals. Nevertheless, all of these make no sense, until the knowledge and philosophies are not considered in actual scenarios in real life. Therefore, in next step, the essay highlighted the consideration of own nursing philosophies through the analysis of two real life patient's cases and analyzed the efficiency of the nurse through his or her own nursing philosophy. Reference List Blythe, J. and White, J., 2012. 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